20 research outputs found
Knowing what you know in brain segmentation using Bayesian deep neural networks
In this paper, we describe a Bayesian deep neural network (DNN) for
predicting FreeSurfer segmentations of structural MRI volumes, in minutes
rather than hours. The network was trained and evaluated on a large dataset (n
= 11,480), obtained by combining data from more than a hundred different sites,
and also evaluated on another completely held-out dataset (n = 418). The
network was trained using a novel spike-and-slab dropout-based variational
inference approach. We show that, on these datasets, the proposed Bayesian DNN
outperforms previously proposed methods, in terms of the similarity between the
segmentation predictions and the FreeSurfer labels, and the usefulness of the
estimate uncertainty of these predictions. In particular, we demonstrated that
the prediction uncertainty of this network at each voxel is a good indicator of
whether the network has made an error and that the uncertainty across the whole
brain can predict the manual quality control ratings of a scan. The proposed
Bayesian DNN method should be applicable to any new network architecture for
addressing the segmentation problem.Comment: Submitted to Frontiers in Neuroinformatic
Open and reusable deep learning for pathology with WSInfer and QuPath
The field of digital pathology has seen a proliferation of deep learning
models in recent years. Despite substantial progress, it remains rare for other
researchers and pathologists to be able to access models published in the
literature and apply them to their own images. This is due to difficulties in
both sharing and running models. To address these concerns, we introduce
WSInfer: a new, open-source software ecosystem designed to make deep learning
for pathology more streamlined and accessible. WSInfer comprises three main
elements: 1) a Python package and command line tool to efficiently apply
patch-based deep learning inference to whole slide images; 2) a QuPath
extension that provides an alternative inference engine through user-friendly
and interactive software, and 3) a model zoo, which enables pathology models
and metadata to be easily shared in a standardized form. Together, these
contributions aim to encourage wider reuse, exploration, and interrogation of
deep learning models for research purposes, by putting them into the hands of
pathologists and eliminating a need for coding experience when accessed through
QuPath. The WSInfer source code is hosted on GitHub and documentation is
available at https://wsinfer.readthedocs.io
Open and Reusable Deep Learning for Pathology with WSInfer and QuPath
Digital pathology has seen a proliferation of deep learning models in recent years, but many models are not readily reusable. To address this challenge, we developed WSInfer: an open-source software ecosystem designed to streamline the sharing and reuse of deep learning models for digital pathology. The increased access to trained models can augment research on the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive capabilities of digital pathology
Everything Matters: The ReproNim Perspective on Reproducible Neuroimaging
There has been a recent major upsurge in the concerns about reproducibility in many areas of science. Within the neuroimaging domain, one approach is to promote reproducibility is to target the re-executability of the publication. The information supporting such re-executability can enable the detailed examination of how an initial finding generalizes across changes in the processing approach, and sampled population, in a controlled scientific fashion. ReproNim: A Center for Reproducible Neuroimaging Computation is a recently funded initiative that seeks to facilitate the “last mile” implementations of core re-executability tools in order to reduce the accessibility barrier and increase adoption of standards and best practices at the neuroimaging research laboratory level. In this report, we summarize the overall approach and tools we have developed in this domain
Enhancing workplace digital learning by use of the science of learning
Digital learning is becoming the most commonly used portal for workplace learning, but its effectiveness is not clearly understood. We studied 99 employees on-site in a large company as they watched an already used and required training video. Employees were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) a baseline condition of watching the video as in current practice; (2) a spontaneous discussion condition in which participants discussed the video with colleagues immediately after the video without any guidelines; (3) a structured discussion condition in which participants discussed the video with colleagues immediately after the video with an instructor guiding discussion topics; and (4) a testing condition in which test questions were interpolated throughout the video. Memory for the content of the video was measured on a recognition memory test completed 20-35 hours after watching the video. Employees who were in the interpolated-testing or structured discussion conditions had significantly superior memory for the video content (26% and 25% better respectively) relative to typical video viewing; spontaneous discussion did not enhance memory for content. These findings demonstrate that interpolated testing and structured discussion enhance information retention in the workplace and point to how learning science may accelerate workplace learning more generally.Accenture (Firm
Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students
Although numerous survey studies have reported connections between sleep and cognitive function, there remains a lack of quantitative data using objective measures to directly assess the association between sleep and academic performance. In this study, wearable activity trackers were distributed to 100 students in an introductory college chemistry class (88 of whom completed the study), allowing for multiple sleep measures to be correlated with in-class performance on quizzes and midterm examinations. Overall, better quality, longer duration, and greater consistency of sleep correlated with better grades. However, there was no relation between sleep measures on the single night before a test and test performance; instead, sleep duration and quality for the month and the week before a test correlated with better grades. Sleep measures accounted for nearly 25% of the variance in academic performance. These findings provide quantitative, objective evidence that better quality, longer duration, and greater consistency of sleep are strongly associated with better academic performance in college. Gender differences are discussed
Resting cerebral oxygen metabolism exhibits archetypal network features
Standard magnetic resonance imaging approaches offer high-resolution but indirect measures of neural activity, limiting understanding of the physiological processes associated with imaging findings. Here, we used calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging during the resting state to recover low-frequency fluctuations of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). We tested whether functional connections derived from these fluctuations exhibited organization properties similar to those established by previous standard functional and anatomical connectivity studies. Seventeen participants underwent 20 min of resting imaging during dual-echo, pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling, and blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal acquisition. Participants also underwent a 10 min normocapnic and hypercapnic procedure. Brain-wide, CMRO2 low-frequency fluctuations were subjected to graph-based and voxel-wise functional connectivity analyses. Results demonstrated that connections derived from resting CMRO2 fluctuations exhibited complex, small-world topological properties (i.e., high integration and segregation, cost efficiency) consistent with those observed in previous studies using functional and anatomical connectivity approaches. Voxel-wise CMRO2 connectivity also exhibited spatial patterns consistent with four targeted resting-state subnetworks: two association (i.e., frontoparietal and default mode) and two perceptual (i.e., auditory and occipital-visual). These are the first findings to support the use of calibration-derived CMRO2 low-frequency fluctuations for detecting brain-wide organizational properties typical of healthy participants. We discuss interpretations, advantages, and challenges in using calibration-derived oxygen metabolism signals for examining the intrinsic organization of the human brain
Evaluating histopathology transfer learning with ChampKit
Histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis of various cancers.
Recent advances in computer vision, specifically deep learning, have
facilitated the analysis of histopathology images for various tasks, including
immune cell detection and microsatellite instability classification. The
state-of-the-art for each task often employs base architectures that have been
pretrained for image classification on ImageNet. The standard approach to
develop classifiers in histopathology tends to focus narrowly on optimizing
models for a single task, not considering the aspects of modeling innovations
that improve generalization across tasks. Here we present ChampKit
(Comprehensive Histopathology Assessment of Model Predictions toolKit): an
extensible, fully reproducible benchmarking toolkit that consists of a broad
collection of patch-level image classification tasks across different cancers.
ChampKit enables a way to systematically document the performance impact of
proposed improvements in models and methodology. ChampKit source code and data
are freely accessible at https://github.com/kaczmarj/champkit .Comment: Submitted to NeurIPS 2022 Track on Datasets and Benchmarks. Source
code available at https://github.com/kaczmarj/champki